1NorwegianConsumerCouncilJune2023GhostinthemachineRunningheaderGHOSTINTHEMACHINEAddressingtheconsumerharmsofgenerativeAIJUNE2023TABLEOFCONTENTSEXECUTIVESUMMARY51–INTRODUCTION61.1Anoverviewofgenerativeartificialintelligence71.1.1ExamplesofgenerativeAImodels81.1.2Thegenerativeartificialintelligenceactorchain111.1.3Opensourceorclosedsourcemodels121.1.4GeneralpurposeAI121.2Consumerapplications132–HARMSANDCHALLENGESOFGENERATIVEARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE142.1StructuralchallengesofgenerativeAI152.1.1IdentifyingtheconcreterisksofgenerativeAI152.1.2Technologicalsolutionism172.1.3Concentratingpowerinthehandsofbigtech172.1.4Opaquesystemsandlackofaccountability192.2Man...
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