CombiningGHOSTandCasperVitalikButerinEthereumFoundationv@buterin.comDiegoHernandezSJSUdiego.hernandez@sjsu.eduThorKamphefnerSJSUthor.kamphefner@sjsu.eduKhiemPhamVinAIResearchv.khiempd1@vinai.ioZhiQiaoSJSUqiaozhi9092@gmail.comDannyRyanEthereumFoundationdanny@ethereum.orgJuhyeokSinSJSUhomin203@gmail.comYingWangSJSUyingwang1001@gmail.comYanXZhangSJSUyan.x.zhang@sjsu.eduAbstractWepresent“Gasper,”aproof-of-stake-basedconsensusprotocol,whichisanide-alizedversionoftheproposedEthereum2.0beaconchain.Theprotocolcom-binesCasperFFG,afinalitytool,withLMDGHOST,afork-choicerule.Weprovesafety,plausibleliveness,andprobabilisticlivenessunderdifferentsetsofassumptions.Con...