MARSINALSHAMARYTHEPROTESTERPARADOXWHYDOANTI-ISLAMISTACTIVISTSLOOKTOWARDCLERICALLEADERSHIP?GOVERNANCEAPRIL2022FOREIGNPOLICYATBROOKINGS1THEPROTESTERPARADOXWHYDOANTI-ISLAMISTACTIVISTSLOOKTOWARDCLERICALLEADERSHIP?MARSINALSHAMARYEXECUTIVESUMMARYIraqhaswitnessedseveralprotestmovementsinrecenthistory,manyofwhichhavebeenexplicitabouttheirdesirefora“civilstate”(al-dawlaal-madanīya)orevenasecularstate,whichseparatesthereligiousrealmfromthepoliticalrealm.Paradoxically,however,thelatestyouth-dominatedprotestmovement(whichtookplacefromOctober2019toFebruary2020)lookedtowardtheShiareligiousestablishment,theMarjayya,forsupportandlegitimation.Atthesametime,thesecivilso...
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